hisactivity,weargueinthispaper,thatfeweffortstounderstandtheimplicationofsuchendeavours,includingestimationsofthecosts(bothfinancialandsocial),particularlyatthelocallevel,havebeenundertakenarguably„wheretherubberhitstheroad‟(Winkler)Inanattempttoaddresssomeoftheseconcerns,weusetheconceptofthe„energyladder‟toexamineenergyusageintwotownshipssettingsinSouthAfrica,namelyDoornkopandKwaguqaThisinvestiemstoexpectedclimatechangeeffects(IPCC)andcanincludeanticipatory,reactive,private,publicandplannedadaptationMoreover,moreattentionisrequiredontryingtoidentifyandunderstandsomeofthebarrierstobetterandmoreeffectiveenergyfuelusageinsouthernAfricaFewinSouthAfrica,forexample,haveundertakenanassessmentofbehaviouralfactorsthatmayexplainpersistent,plexenergy-usebehavioursparticularlyforthosealreadyfacingsevereenergyconstraintsegthepoorSomearguethatafocusonlyonthe„hardissues‟mayindeedleadtoabiasthatresultsinimplementationmeasuresthatcentreonstructuralmeasureswiththe“neglectofpotentiallycritical„soft‟measuresneededtofacilitateadaptation”andotherefforts(egbehaviouralandpolicymeasures)(AgrawalaandFankhauser,)SouthAfrica‟seconomyisenergyintensive(Winkler)Severalmonthsaftertheresearchforthispaperwasundertaken,forexample,country-widerollingenergy„blackouts‟occurred(egintheearlymonthsof),profilingenergyasadevelopmentconcerninthecountryFacedwiththebinedchallengesofclimatechangeandenergy,thegovernmentofSouthAfricahasproposedseveralstrategiesincludingalternativeenergysourcestoreducetheheavydependenceondomesticcoalbustion(Britton；Hoets；Surridge；WinklerandMarquard)Morerecently,thefocushasalsoexpandedtoincludeenergyresourceissues,developmentconcernsandenergyandclimatechangethemes(UNFCCC)(egtheLongTermMitigationScenarios,LTMS—Winkler；WinklerandMarquard；theNationalClimateChangeResponseStrategyefforts—DEATb；andtheNationalEnergyEfficiencyAccord—Stiles；andnationalmunicationassessmentsaspartoftheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange—DEATa)TheCarbonDisclosureProjectinSouthAfrica,wherebysomeofthetopJohannesburgStockExchangepaniesdisclosetheircarbonreductioneffortsandstrategies,hasforexample,alsoseentheincreasedengagementofthebusinessmunityinclimatechange(egCDPand)ThefocusandeffortsincarbontradingandthesearchforcarbonassetsthushasmanyengaginginavarietyofenergyendeavoursinSouthAfricaDespitethisactivity,weargueinthispaper,thatfeweffortstounderstandtheimplicationofsuchendeavours,includingestimationsofthecosts(bothfinancialandsocial),particularlyatthelocallevel,havebeenundertakenarguably„wheretherubberhitstheroad‟(Winkler)Inanattempttoaddresssomeoftheseconcerns,weusetheconceptofthe„energyladder‟toexamineenergyusageintwotownshipssettingsinSouthAfrica,namelyDoornkopandKwaguqaThisinvesti果。虽然结果不一定是新，但却通过能源使用行为，为替代能源过渡方案提出作了重大努力。家庭能源定义是人们所消耗用于烹饪，房间，开水，照明及娱乐活动（Terblanche等，）能量。家庭能源是低成本能源，通常燃烧效率低下，却导致很多方面不利影响（Terblanche等，年）。三、南非能源使用简要回顾年，南非主要能源是煤炭（温克勒和马奎德），约电力来自燃煤发电厂。国内煤炭燃烧也有深厚历史根源，可以追溯到种族隔离时代不公平资源分配。在电力供应等服务，煤炭作为一种廉价能源来源，成为主要能源来源供乡镇使用。年以后，政府开始着手减低能源分配不公现象发生，通过能源白皮书计划和其他相关政策（Bekker等人通电工程计划年；温克勒年）。在某些市区，人们继续使用煤炭作为燃料（斯伯丁-Fecher年；Malzbender和Kamoto）。研究者对早期电气化使用对能源消耗造成一些影响进行了定性研究，从而确立造成了什么影响（例如Annecke）。一项纵向研究，试图在豪登地区，对燃料电气化使用（帕尔默年）模式进行评估，发现从燃料使用转变到更高效率利用电力效果并不能立竿见影，在某些情况下，需要五年时间来完成(Spalding-Fecher和Matibe)。同样，其他研究也表明，煤燃烧后家庭电气化仍然存在（Hoets；Qase等，；Mdluli等，）。为什么国内煤炭燃烧坚持作为主要能量来源？Terblanche等（）指出，国内煤炭燃烧持续存在是由于缺乏资源和资金，无法创造一个完整转换为电能以维持系统正常运行基础设施。国内其他报告认为，国内煤炭燃烧持续是因为乡镇家庭没有使用电器（Hoets年），这些报告又试图表明，电力太贵了，城镇居民家庭无力承担（温克勒等，，；Scorgie等人，年）。鉴于这种燃料使用，选择在两个乡镇地区,目是提供一些最新乡镇地区能源行为数据。四、南非乡镇能源消耗此次调查对象是是南非两个乡镇，豪登省和姆普马兰加。这些都是在南非地区煤炭高使用代表（斯伯丁-Fecher），都位于索韦托（杜伦科普）和威特班克（KwaGuqa），也代表两个大型居民人数，虽然穷，但仍然在扩大。如上所述，与国内煤炭燃烧有关其他研究还强调从基线进行调查（Annegarn和西托莱；Annegarn等人；Scorgie等人，年）。此次调查研究对获取和利用能源两个乡各种因素进行了探讨，包括煤炭使用过程中可能出现经济原因解释，使用能源（单一来源---煤炭或多个能源）来源和选址（如靠近煤场，煤贸易商），包括对其他影响能源和能源使用额因素（如社会因素）认识。五、结论在本文中，我们试图通过开展调查，以更新现有关于南非两个乡镇在能源领域使用行为上一些评估。对这些需要更新驱动，在很大程度上缓解了部分由新兴气候变化所带来问题和能源减灾方案重点关注。然而却很少有人试图作在经济发展和环境对家庭能源使用和需求前期工作，通过对能源需求变化,了解能源利用发展和经济关系。本文进一步突出发展隐藏问题，主要是减缓污染方面研究。许多能源实践方面研究并没有创新，而是在确认前人研究基础上做些总结。首先，能源来源选择和获取并不容易（Mehlwana和Qase年）。很多非洲南部乡镇居民家庭尚未通电。在这项研究中，认为在许多城镇居民家庭没有充分利用电力，因为它太昂贵，乡镇为低收入或贫困地区（Mehlwana和Qase年；Scorgie等人，年；斯伯丁，年），根本支付不起。早期评估显示，缺少广泛电力供应乡镇区域人们是否开始改变他们取暖和做饭方式（Terblanche等，）。在本研究过程中，贫困地区大多数家庭已经使用了电器，不过，过于昂贵。未利用电器家庭因为收入较低,无力支付服务设备。Mehlwana和Qase（）指出，人们对家电使用取决于他们是否能够买得起电器，或至少购买他们所需要燃料。大多数家庭能买得起设备，但无法负担购买能永续利用电器电力单位。此外，能源使用（如能源阶梯）简单概念，虽然最初需要更多有用信息和评估。但能源使用行为不是一成不变，不能只根据拟定收入水平来判定。正如其他人指出那样，燃料使用过渡并不是有效能源使用行为（egTerblanche等；布鲁斯年）。因此，本研究确立了一项对能源阶梯概念扩大使用，并确认其局限性。在这项研究中，当地居民更重视是能够使用到什么能源，而不是本身提供能量来源。因此，联系到需要能源至关重要。同时，研究也表明，各种社会和文化因素差异使能源行为更加复杂。社会网络和其他社会实践作用也影响能源使用，因此需要求更详细，更有说服力例子来证明。最后，本文研究表明，在发展过程中捕捉到能源使用行为动态复杂性，如气候变化（减缓和适应）界定是南非提高能源使用效率，发展低碳经济更为有效途径。emstoexpectedclimatechangeeffects(IPCC)andcanincludeanticipatory,reactive,private,publicandplannedadaptationMoreover,moreattentionisrequiredontryingtoidentifyandunderstandsomeofthebarrierstobetterandmoreeffectiveenergyfuelusageinsouthernAfricaFewinSouthAfrica,forexample,haveundertakenanassessmentofbehaviouralfactorsthatmayexplainpersistent,plexenergy-usebehavioursparticularlyforthosealreadyfa本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译外文题目：ChallengestoachievingasuccessfultransitiontoalowcarboneconomyinSouthAfrica:examplesfrompoorurbanmunities出处：SpringerScienceBusinessMedia作者：ThuliNMdluli&ColeenHVogelAbstractSouthAfricafacesseveraldevelopmentchallengesincludingthoselinkedtoclimatechangeEnergyusageinSouthAfrica,forexample,isalreadyconstrainedbecauseofarangeofdevelopmentchallenges(thedependenceoncheapcoalasaheatingsource；energyavailability；access；affordabilityofalternativeenergysources；andarangeofhealthimpacts,includingairpollution)Notwithstandingcallsforatransitiontoalowcarboneconomy,therehavebeenfew,recentassessmentsinSouthAfricaofthecostsassociatedwithsuchatransition,particularlythesocialandeconomiccostsforthepoorwhouseenergyinavarietyofwaysInthispaperwefocusontryingtounravelsomeoftheplexenergy-usebehaviourincludingunderstandingwhatdrivesconsumersinresourcepoorareastochooseandusepersistentlyriskyenergyoptionsAnalysisofqualitativedataintwotownshipareas,DoornkopandKwaguqa,showsthattownshiphouseholds,whetherelectrifiedornot,continuetoburncoalInbothstudyareas,anestimatedofelectrifiedhouseholdsburncoalforspaceheatingandcookingandalsomakeuseofmultiplefuelsourcesforarangeofactivitiesAlthoughthemajorobstaclespreventingpeoplefromdiscontinuingdomesticcoalbustionarepoverty,thereadyavailabilityandsocialacceptabilityofcoaltogetherwithothersocialcustomscannotbeunderratedThispaperthereforehighlightssomeofthepersistentchallengesassociatedwithsustainableenergytransitionsinSouthAfricaincludingimplicationsforimprovedmitigationandadaptationfortheenergysectorinwiderclimatechangeeffortsKeywordsDomesticcoalbustionEnergy-usepatternsIntroductionClimatechangeposesmanychallengestoavarietyofsectorssuchaswater,energy,andagriculture(IPCC)inAfricaandthesouthernAfricanregion,includingissuesrelatedtoadaptationandmitigation(IPCC)Whereassignificantattentionisfocussedonmitigation,particularlythoseeffortslinkedtoenergyproduction,relativelyfewassessmentsintheenergysectorfocusonadaptationissuesandonwhatmaybetermedthe„softerside‟ofenergyuseanduptake(egimprovedunderstandingofboththeeconomicandsocialcostsunderpinningenergyuse)Adaptation,forexample,isbeingpromotedasawaytoreducethevulnerabilityofbothnaturalandhumansystemstoexpectedclimatechangeeffects(IPCC)andcanincludeanticipatory,reactive,private,publicandplannedadaptationMoreover,moreattentionisrequiredontryingtoidentifyandunderstandsomeofthebarrierstobetterandmoreeffectiveenergyfuelusageinsouthernAfricaFewinSouthAfrica,forexample,haveundertakenanassessmentofbehaviouralfactorsthatmayexplainpersistent,plexenergy-usebehavioursparticularlyforthosealreadyfacingsevereenergyconstraintsegthepoorSomearguethatafocusonlyonthe„hardissues‟mayindeedleadtoabiasthatresultsinimplementationmeasuresthatcentreonstructuralmeasureswiththe“neglectofpotentiallycritical„soft‟measuresneededtofacilitateadaptation”andotherefforts(egbehaviouralandpolicymeasures)(AgrawalaandFankhauser,)SouthAfrica‟seconomyisenergyintensive(Winkler)Severalmonthsaftertheresearchforthispaperwasundertaken,forexample,country-widerollingenergy„blackouts‟occurred(egintheearlymonthsof),profilingenergyasadevelopmentconcerninthecountryFacedwiththebinedchallengesofclimatechangeandenergy,thegovernmentofSouthAfricahasproposedseveralstrategiesincludingalternativeenergysourcestoreducetheheavydependenceondomesticcoalbustion(Britton；Hoets；Surridge；WinklerandMarquard)Morerecently,thefocushasalsoexpandedtoincludeenergyresourceissues,developmentconcernsandenergyandclimatechangethemes(UNFCCC)(egtheLongTermMitigationScenarios,LTMS—Winkler；WinklerandMarquard；theNationalClimateChangeResponseStrategyefforts—DEATb；andtheNationalEnergyEfficiencyAccord—Stiles；andnationalmunicationassessmentsaspartoftheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange—DEATa)TheCarbonDisclosureProjectinSouthAfr        本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译外文题目：ChallengestoachievingasuccessfultransitiontoalowcarboneconomyinSouthAfrica:examplesfrompoorurbanmunities出处：SpringerScienceBusinessMedia作者：ThuliNMdluli&ColeenHVogelAbstractSouthAfricafacesseveraldevelopmentchallengesincludingthoselinkedtoclimatechangeEnergyusageinSouthAfrica,forexample,isalreadyconstrainedbecauseofarangeof

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