tionwhilemostofthefinancialreturnsarecapturedoff-shore.FDIunrealizedcontributiontodevelopmentInJulytheSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNationsreleasedareportthatreviewedtheimplementationoftheUNMonterreyConsensusonFinancingforDevelopment.ItconcludedthatactionisneededtoencouragelargerandmoreconsistentFDIflowstoabroadergroupofdevelopingcountriesandtoensurethatinvestmentactivityleadstodevelopment.TheneedisCommonwealthmembersBotswana,Lesotho,Namibia,ZambiaandSouthAfrica.Overthepastdecadethestockofforeigninvestment,amuchmorestablemeasurethaninvestmentflows,atleastdoubledin/ofAfricanCommonwealthcountries,butsomecountrieshaveseentheirstocksofforeigninvestmentdecline,includingBotswanaandZambia.Lookingacrosstheglobe,similardiversityexists.Somedevelopingcountriesexperiencedsubstantialincreasesininvestmentinflowsinandanincreaseininvestmentstocksovertime.ButinvestmentinflowsintoOceaniadeclinedbypercentinandthestocksofFDIinthesmallstatesinthisregionhavefluctuatedwidely.ThestockofFDIinFijihasshrunksince,whileTuvaluhasexperiencedamassiveincrease.Aswellasbeingunevenlydistributed,FDIflowstodevelopingcountrieshavebeenhighlyvariable,withsignificantdeclinesfollowingyearsofgrowthin,and.Thuswhileincreasedinvestmentisflowingtodevelopingcountriesoverall,manycountrieshavenotbeensuccessfulinattractingconsistentinflowsofFDI.DevelopingcountryFDIisconcentratedinextractiveindustriesWhiletwo-thirdsofFDIworldwideisinservices,investmentflowsintomanyAfricancountries,includingCommonwealthLDCsuchasTanzania,UgandaandGambia,arelargelyconcentratedinextractiveindustries.InsomeAfricancountries,includingNigeria,threequartersormoreofthestockofFDIisinextractiveindustries.DespitetheservicesectororientationofmanyCaribbeaneconomies,asignificantshareofinwardFDIstockintheregionisalsoinextractiveindustries.InvestmentinflowsinOceaniaareconcentratedintheminingsector.InvestmentinextractiveindustriestendstobeparticularlyunstablecomparedwithotherFDIbecauseitisaffectedbyvolatileglobalcommodityprices.Aswell,UNCTADhasfoundthatinvestmentinextractiveindustriesismoredifficultforhostcountriestoregulatetoensurecompatibilitywithdomesticstandardsanddevelopmentgoals(WorldInvestmentReport).Sometimes,foreigninvestmentinextractiveindustries,whichisdominatedbytransnationalcorporations(TNC),producesfewnewjobsandresultsinenvironmentaldegradationandsocialdislocationwhilemostofthefinancialreturnsarecapturedoff-shore.FDIunrealizedcontributiontodevelopmentInJulytheSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNationsreleasedareportthatreviewedtheimplementationoftheUNMonterreyConsensusonFinancingforDevelopment.ItconcludedthatactionisneededtoencouragelargerandmoreconsistentFDIflowstoabroadergroupofdevelopingcountriesandtoensurethatinvestmentactivityleadstodevelopment.Theneedis行为相关行为来促进投资。在非洲,其他一些国家,包括坦桑尼亚和加纳,也已经采取了类似措施。制定一项战略来改变国内政治环境,来有助于开发以及吸引投资。无论如何,要了解投资发展之间联系。对外投资对发展影响因素吸引投资不是一个自身结束。投资者都为积极发展作出自己贡献是非常可取。在外国直接投资和发展之间已经尝试找一个很清晰关系,然而还没有定论。毫无疑问,外国直接投资可以促进经济增长、投资资本补充、增加就业和通过地方税收收入来减少贫穷地方。同时,外国直接投资可以促进本地生产力提高和创新与新技术转让和生产管理技术方面各种积极外溢。还可以有成本。国内投资可能被挤出国内竞争同时创新可能被抑制。外国直接投资可能恶化收入不平等和鼓励在对其他生产部门经济发展为代价对当地自然资源开发依赖。在某些情况下,外国投资者活动带来负面影响人权和环境。值得注意是,风险负面效应可能是最大外商直接投资关系,在许多发展中国家采掘业是外商投资最重要部门。伴随经济活动所产生对外直接投资一个好处是外国直接投资活动可能会产生税收,可以应用于基金社会和其他项目,旨在实现发展目标。在许多发展中国家,然而,弱税收制度意味着政府也不会成功地获得适当应得对外直接投资所产生收入。获得收入,有时候被用来挥霍而非用于再投资支持长期增长,包括将来外商投资。外国直接投资是否有助于可持续发展将取决于包括它性质和当地人力资本能力许多因素,其环境,劳工和人权标准和税收制度,其监管能力和吸收技术能力有效性,这又是一个人力资源功能,还有其技术基础设施。国内政策如何能影响这些因素影响,从而提高了外国直接投资发展将在下一个部分。通过国内投资导向发展政策改革国际金融架构和成功结束多哈回合世贸组织谈判改革都将有助于建立一个更强大和更稳定基础,来继续在发展中国家投资。但持续失败在国际社会产生影响也意味着这些领域重建焦点必须放在其他策略,包括在发展中国家国内改革。总来说,通过对外投资鼓励国内环境因素是比较容易理解,例如,在投资框架()中,投资经合组织以个确定领域为基础,这些领域由年联合国蒙特雷发展筹资问题共识和世界银行年世界发展报告确定。一个全面,但并不详尽清单政策范畴包括那些对投资有直接影响如投资政策,以及那些有间接影响,如贸易政策,竞争政策,税收政策,公司治理标准,政策以促进负责任商业行为,人力资源开发和劳动力市场政策,基础设施发展,金融和公共部门治理。特定政策组合对于某一特定国家是否合适将取决于它具体情况。试图转移来自其他国家监管结构政策压力,尤其是发达国家,很少或根本没有适合当地条件来证明他是成功。同时,营造一个良好投资环境并不是一次性政策转变,而是一个复杂,涉及方方面面,长期过程。最近研究成果表明,促进投资项目可以在某一特定地方中有积极作用。另一方面,想要找到赢家是不成功,同时,提倡鼓励改变具体国内政策措施,全面提高东道国投资环境。(年世界发展报告)一个重要好处是,不仅仅是对外直接投资,这样方法改革国内政策环境会普遍促进投资和增长。透明度提高,例如,可能是没有资源投入而不利于中小型企业,不能满足政府要求。透明度提高可以在政府行政和更安全财产权益改善,也可能导致移动小企业从非正式经济形式走向正规,以积极影响税收。发展中国家寻找正确国内政策组合需要面对吸引投资和实现发展目标之间压力。国家必须平衡社会需求和投资者偏好。例如,监管机构必须制定和执行标准,包括涉及到健康和安全、劳动、环境和人权,即便这样做将会征收投资者资本。惩罚措施可能被用来投资,然而,在某种程度上说这样规定是透明、高效、可预测和没有腐败。同样,有效税收制度,将需要通过外国直接投资获取创造价值,但是如果税收系统已经与管理相适应,那么也将会减少投资税收负担。国际亚洲研究所对国内金融改革补充在许多情况下,国内改革政策不太可能足以吸引稳定长期投资流动,一些地区缺乏一定能力来实现国内改革。同样,一些地区已经改变了他们国内制度以增加对外直接投资。这可能反映了投资者参照当地一些制度和信誉来进行投资项目改革。国际投资协议承诺提供可靠协议,尽管,就像下一章将要提到,协议存在形式还没有很好适应鼓励投资,有助于发展。现有国际亚洲研究所保护投资者但并不能有效促进投资《蒙特雷共识》要求发达国家与发展中国家之间形成新伙伴关系发展融资,包括增加对外直接投资。在任何情况下,增加投资本身并不会保证能有良性发展。除了少数例外,现有国际亚洲研究所并不是为了实现发展结果。这是有可能,然而,新形式国际亚洲研究所将会更加好吸引投资,促进可持续发展。出处:安东尼.万杜泽.《对外投资和发展:国内政策和国际投资协议作用》.联邦政部长参考报告,:P-.CommonwealthmembersBotswana,Lesotho,Namibia,ZambiaandSouthAfrica.Overthepastdecadethestockofforeigninvestment,amuchmorestablemeasurethaninvestmentflows,atleastdoubledin/ofAfricanCommonwealthcountries,butsomecountrieshaveseentheirstocksofforeigninvestmentdecline,includingBotswanaandZambia.Lookingacrosstheglobe,similardiversityexists.Somedevelopingcountriesexperiencedsubstantialincreasesininvestment本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译原文:Foreigninvestmentanddevelopment:theroleofdomesticpolicyandinternationalinvestmentagreementsAlldevelopingcountriesparticipate,togreaterorlesserdegrees,intheglobalcompetitionforforeigninvestment.Butattractinginvestmentisnottheonlychallenge.Harnessingforeigninvestmenttoachievesustainabledevelopmentisoftenevenmoredifficult.Whatisneededtoaddressthesetwinchallengesvariesfromonecountrytothenext.Thisarticlearguesthatformostdevelopingcountriescreatingtherightdomesticpolicyenvironmentisnecessarybut,forsomecountriesatleast,willnotbesufficienttoattractinvestmentorensurethatitcontributestodevelopment.Newkindsofinternationalinvestmentagreements(IIA)thatdoabetterjobofpromotingmorestableinvestmentflowsandsupportingsustainabledevelopmentareneeded.Foreigndirectinvestment(FDI)flowsintodevelopingcountriesincreasedsignificantlyin,reachingUS$.billion,theirhighesteverlevels.Thepercentageofglobalinvestmentinflowsgoingtodevelopingcountriesinexceededtheiraverageannualpercentagesharefrom-,thoughtheirsharedeclinedslightlytopercent,downfrom.percentin,duetoevenfasterratesofincreaseininvestmentflowsintodevelopedcountries.FDIinflowsarecriticallyimportantforgrowth.Since,FDIhasrepresentedthelargestcomponentoftotalresourceflowsintodevelopingcountriesexceedinginflowsfromotherprivatesources,suchasloansandportfolioinvestment,andpublicsources,suchasoverseasdevelopmentassistance(ODA).FDIexceededpercentoftotalresourceflowstodevelopingcountriesin.Unfortunately,thisapparentlyrosyglobalpicturemaskssignificantchallengesfordevelopingcountriesseekingtorealizethebenefitsofFDI.FDIflowstodevelopingcountriesareunstableandunevenlydistributedFDIhasbeenconcentratedinarelativelysmallnumberofcountries,mostlyinAsia,includingSingapore,IndiaandMalaysia.InmanyAfricancountriesandlessdevelopedcountries(LDC)aroundtheworld,ODAremainsthelargestsourceofexternalfinance.Recentinvestmentactivity,drivenbythesearchfornewresourcewealth,haspassedsomecountriesbyentirely.Acloserlookatthemajorregionalgroupingsofdevelopingcountriesconfirmstheunevendistributionofforeigninvestmentactivity.Forexample,FDIinflowsincreasedininAfricancountriesbutfellin.InflowsincreasedinallregionsonthecontinentexceptsouthernAfrica,whereinflowsdeclined,includinginCommonwealthmembersBotswana,Lesotho,Namibia,ZambiaandSouthAfrica.Overthepastdecadethestockofforeigninvestment,amuchmorestablemeasurethaninvestmentflows,atleastdoubledin/ofAfricanCommonwealthcountries,butsomecountrieshaveseentheirstocksofforeigninvestmentdecline,includingBotswanaandZambia.Lookingacrosstheglobe,similardiversityexists.Somedevelopingcountriesexperiencedsubstantialincreasesininvestmentinflowsinandanincreaseininvestmentstocksovertime.ButinvestmentinflowsintoOceaniadeclinedbypercentinandthestocksofFDIinthesmallstatesinthisregionhavefluctuatedwidely.ThestockofFDIinFijihasshrunksince,whileTuvaluhasexperiencedamassiveincrease.Aswellasbeingunevenlydistributed,FDIflowstodevelopingcountrieshavebeenhighlyvariable,withsignificantdeclinesfollowingyearsofgrowthin,and.Thuswhileincreasedinvestmentisflowingtodevelopingcountriesoverall,manycountrieshavenotbeensuccessfulinattractingconsistentinflowsofFDI.DevelopingcountryFDIisconcentratedinextractiveindustriesWhiletwo-thirdsofFDIworldwideisinservices,investmentflowsintomanyAfricancountries,includingCommonwealthLDCsuchasTanzania,UgandaandGambia,arelargelyconcentratedinextractiveindustries.InsomeAfricancountries,includingNigeria,threequartersormoreofthestockofFDIisinextractiveindustries.DespitetheservicesectororientationofmanyCaribbeaneconomies,asignificantshareofinwardFDIstockintheregionisalsoinextractiveindustries.InvestmentinflowsinOceaniaareconcentratedintheminingsector.InvestmentinextractiveindustriestendstobeparticularlyunstablecomparedwithotherFDIbecauseitisaffectedbyvolatileglobalcommodityprices.Aswell,UNCTADhasfoundthatinvestme 本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译原文:Foreigninvestmentanddevelopment:theroleofdomesticpolicyandinternationalinvestmentagreementsAlldevelopingcountriesparticipate,togreaterorlesserdegrees,intheglobalcompetitionforforeigninvestment.Butattractinginvestmentisnottheonlychallenge.Harnessingforeigninvestmenttoachievesustainabledevelopmentisoftenevenmoredifficult.Whatisneededto