chnology.Alsoorganizationsaredevelopingastrongprocessmanagementorientation(Davenport,).BPRispracticedfrequentlyinNorthAmericanandEuropeancountries.Sometrendsareobservable.First,smallandmiddlesizedenterprises(SMEs)arebecomingtargetsofERPvendors.Second,ERPcoupledwithe-commercefunctionalitywilldominatethemarket.E-commerceisbecominganewwayofdoingbusinessbetweenbusinessandbusiness(BB)andbetweenbusinessinginnewersystems.Currently,twooutofthreeERPdealsinNorthAmericaarereplacementdeals.TheUSAistheprimarytargetofERPandrepresentspercentofrevenuesforthemajorvendors.Before,onemajorconcernofNorthAmericancorporationswasYKproblems.AfterYK,managementturneditseyestoextendingitsenterprises.Severaltrendshaveappeared.E-commerceisamajorforce.OrganizationswanttheirERPsystemstoconnectmoretightlywithsuppliersandcustomersviae-commerce.Supplychainmanagement(SCM)products,regardedaspost-ERP,arenowenteringintoNorthAmericanorganizations.SCMfunctionsincludedemandforecasting,sourcingandprocurement,inventoryandwarehousemanagement,anddistributionlogistics.Europe(UK,Germany,France)EuropeisthesecondlargesttargetERPsalesmarket(atpercent).ManybigERPvendorsstartedtheirbusinessfromEurope;e.g.SAPAG,Baan,JBAInternationalandIntentia.Historically,strongmanufacturingindustryisanunderlyingreasonforsomanyERPvendorsinEurope.ThereareseveralreasonsforEurope’sERPmarket.First,economicallyadvancedcountrieshaveasolidindustrialandmanufacturingbase.Second,thereisastrongnationalinformationinfrastructure.Third,themultiple-languageandmulti-currencyrequirementsmaketheERPsoftwareattractive.Fourth,qualityemployeesareavailabletoimplementadvancedtechnologies.CharacteristicsofERPimplementationindevelopedcountriesItiseasytounderstandwhyNorthAmericaandEuropeoccupythelargestERPmarket.Fromnationalandenvironmentalperspectives,thesecountrieshaveexcellentinfrastructureswhicheffectivelyfacilitateITdiffusion.Strongeconomicbaseandgrowthfurtherdrivetheneedfornewtechnology.GovernmentalITpolicy,deregulationandorganizationalenthusiasmforITfueltechnologydevelopment.NewtechnologiessuchasERP,SCMandothersarequicklyabsorbedbyorganizationsinalmostallindustries.Fromanorganizationalperspective,companiesindevelopedcountriesaremorelikelytosucceed.HigherITmaturityandfavorablecomputerculturemakeorganizationsreadytohandlecomplextechnology.Alsoorganizationsaredevelopingastrongprocessmanagementorientation(Davenport,).BPRispracticedfrequentlyinNorthAmericanandEuropeancountries.Sometrendsareobservable.First,smallandmiddlesizedenterprises(SMEs)arebecomingtargetsofERPvendors.Second,ERPcoupledwithe-commercefunctionalitywilldominatethemarket.E-commerceisbecominganewwayofdoingbusinessbetweenbusinessandbusiness(BB)andbetweenbusiness统与电子商务功能耦合将主宰市场。电子商务正在成为企业和企业之间(BB)和企业与客户(BC)进行业务新方式。CIO们正计划建立电子商务和决策支持系统。与此同时,基于ERP系统电子商务变成了现实。第三,供应链管理软件正在取得进展。组织追求是ERP之外整个供应链可以提供什么支持。ERP在发展中国家ERP软件供应商正在经历全球扩张。亚洲/太平洋和拉美国家变越来越重要。亚太占据ERP销售额。经济扩张,特别是在亚洲国家,是ERP市场发展主要原因。其次,激烈竞争和压力迫使发展中国家公司大力发展信息技术。然而,ERP在发展中国家仍处于初期阶段。IT基础设施薄弱,政府政策,小规模公司,缺乏资讯/ERP经验,IT技术不成熟,严重影响了企业引入ERP决定通过。在这里,中国,印度被选为代表来研究企业资源规划实施。中国中国近年来取得了骄人经济增长。在公共和私营部门产生了巨大技术变革。然而,仅有少数公司使用ERP系统。国际厂商发挥了主要作用。有几个本地软件产品成本很低,但主要是会计和财务应用。例如,用友软件被广泛使用,但重点是会计职能,不是真正ERP系统。中国没有自己专业ERP供应商。主要国际厂商已经开始在各大城市拓展业务。一些厂商通过他们授权进入市场,如IBM,康柏,安达信国际公司,普华永道会计师事务所。基础设施是一个很大问题。虽然近几年电信设施已大为改善,尤其是大城市。电话密度也在增加,但仍然是相当低。互联网服务是昂贵,更不要说综合业务数字网,自动取款机和其他宽带服务。政府发现了允许竞争和非牟利组织(甚至外国公司)提高电话密度到必要性。中国IT产业技术水平低也是一个重要问题。企业缺乏长远战略管理信息系统,信息系统部门/人员(如果它们存在)也缺乏项目经验。通常,企业对流程管理认识有限,很少进行业务流程重组。中国管理风格,非正式规划和过程建模,高度相互依存社会和组织关系,以及对组织在变革过程中态度都限制了所有创新努力。大多数公司都限制了国际商业业务。语言也是一个重要问题。普通话是官方语言,大多数中国人口语,而英语是跨国公司使用。语言使中国用户与国际ERP厂商存在着沟通障碍。此外,较快经济增长建立在一个薄弱基础上导致了不同商业惯例和跨产业企业结构。由于这些原因,ERP在中国主要客户是有限全球性跨国公司。一些大型国有企业也是潜在用户,但他们受到实施成本高昂困扰。小型和中等规模企业实际上被排除出这个市场。印度印度近年来也取得显著经济增长。其IT产业增长速度相当令人钦佩。印度是全球最大发展中国家软件外包基地。此外,全球软件外包继续快速增长,在年超过$.亿美元合同来自发展中国家。印度还拥有世界上最好软件工程师。因为英语是官方商业语言,它IT人员可以与世界同行有效沟通。然而,印度信息技术普及和实行远远落后于发到国家,ERP市场需求增长速度只有印度近年来相当缓慢。尽管该国拥有几十年制造业基础,优秀技术工人,作为商业语言英语,第一个MRP-II/ERP系统也已经推出了十年之久,但ERP普及率估计为。虽然在达到了这个速度后,过去两年增长了百分之。据估计,这一市场预计将在今年大约只有为万美元销售额。发展中国家企业实施ERP特点在发展中国家实施ERP有几个重要影响因素。各国家/环境因素,目前经济状况和经济增长速度,信息基础设施,从根本上影响政府政策调整以及IT和ERP普及。在诸如交通,电信,互联网及内联网,移动通信基础设施和公共数据库系统等方面,发展中国家显然做不够。ERP不是一个独立系统,需要在一个集成环境下工作,以获得最大效益。然而,不能单靠增加基础设施来普及采用ERP,如政府鼓励外国投资和公平竞争政策等其他因素也至关重要。从企业内部角度来看,IT技术水平低,企业规模小,工艺和管理经验不足,阻碍BPR和ERP应用。企业普遍缺乏管理信息系统长期战略和经验。其结果是,大多数用户不是国内公司,而是跨国公司子公司。在发展中国家,中小企业在国民经济中发挥了重要作用。因此,支付能力和可用性成为主要问题。企业还缺乏流程管理认识和业务流程再造经验。不同于以往计算机系统,ERP系统是现成,把自己逻辑强加于公司之上,往往会迫使公司改变他们做生意方式。虽然有前途,但在发展中国家使用信息技术经验来重新设计业务流程企业是很有限。结论我们讨论了发达国家和发展中国家ERP实施问题,以及对ERP实施特点进行了研究。进入国际市场厂商可以更好地了解全球ERP市场,采用更好战略。实行者能够认识到环境和内在要求从而进行相应准备。未来研究可能包括:经验测试和各变量之间关系探讨。inginnewersystems.Currently,twooutofthreeERPdealsinNorthAmericaarereplacementdeals.TheUSAistheprimarytargetofERPandrepresentspercentofrevenuesforthemajorvendors.Before,onemajorconcernofNorthAmericancorporationswasYKproblems.AfterYK,managementturneditseyestoextendingitsenterprises.Severaltrendshaveappeared.E-commerceisamajorforce.OrganizationswanttheirERPsystemstoconnectmoretightlywithsuppliersandcERPimplementationissuesinadvancedanddevelopingcountriesAbstractThereisanincreasingneedtoimplementatotalbusinesssolutionwhichsupportsmajorfunctionalitiesofabusiness.Enterpriseresourceplanning(ERP)softwareisdesignedtomeetthisneed,andhasbeenwidelyadoptedbyorganizationsindevelopedcountries.Meanwhile,ERPisbeginningtoappearinmanyorganizationsofdevelopingcountries.LittleresearchhasbeenconductedtocomparetheimplementationpracticesofERPindevelopedvsdevelopingcountries.OurresearchshowsthatERPtechnologyfacesadditionalchallengesindevelopingcountriesrelatedtoeconomic,cultural,andbasicinfrastructureissues.ThisarticleidentifiesarangeofissuesconcerningERPimplementationbymakingacomparisonofadvancedanddevelopingcountries.Keywords:EnterpriseResourcemanagement;Implementation;Developingcountries.Enterpriseresourceplanning(ERP)isanindustrytermforthebroadsetofactivitiessupportedbymulti-moduleapplicationsoftwarethathelpsamanufactureroraservicebusinessmanagetheimportantpartsofitsbusiness.EvolvingfromMRPsystems,ERPhasplayedasignificantroleinITforseveraldecades.SincethefirstsymbioticERPproductSAPcreatedin,ERPmarketrevenuesareexpectedtobeashighas$billionbytheyear.WhilethereiswideacceptanceofERPindevelopedcountriessuchastheUSA,Canada,theUK,andAustralia,developingcountrieslagfarbehind.Atpresent,NorthAmericaoccupiespercentoftheERPmarket,Europetakespercent,whilethewholeofAsiaisonlyatpercent.However,duetoeconomicgrowth,developingcountriesinAsiaandLatinAmericaarebecomingmajortargetsofbigERPvendors.ERPindevelopedcountriesERPsystemshavebeenwidelyusedbycompaniesindevelopedcountries.Organizationsinmanufacturing,service,andenergyindustriesadoptERPto:automatethedeploymentandmanagementofmaterial,financeandhumanresources;streamlineprocessesandachieveprocessimprovement;achieveglobalcompetitiveness.Inthissection,NorthAmerica,Europeareselectedasrepresentativedevelopedcountries.NorthAmerica(USA,Canada)EuropeansdesignedthefirstintegratedERPsystem–SAPinGermany,,whereas,organizationsinNorthAmericaseemtohavericherexperienceinthiskindofsoftwareandhaveusedintegratedsoftwaresolutionsfordecades.Ascommercialsystemsevolvedfrommaterialplanning(MRP)toenterpriseplanning(ERP),companiescontinuedinvestmenttobringinnewersystems.Currently,twooutofthreeERPdealsinNorthAmericaarereplacementdeals.TheUSAistheprimarytargetofERPandrepresentspercentofrevenuesforthemajorvendors.Before,onemajorconcernofNorthAmericancorporationswasYKproblems.AfterYK,managementturneditseyestoextendingitsenterprises.Severaltrendshaveappeared.E-commerceisamajorforce.OrganizationswanttheirERPsystemstoconnectmoretightlywithsuppliersandcustomersviae-commerce.Supplychainmanagement(SCM)products,regardedaspost-ERP,arenowenteringintoNorthAmericanorganizations.SCMfunctionsincludedemandforecasting,sourcingandprocurement,inventoryandwarehousemanagement,anddistributionlogistics.Europe(UK,Germany,France)EuropeisthesecondlargesttargetERPsalesmarket(atpercent).ManybigERPvendorsstartedtheirbusinessfromEurope;e.g.SAPAG,Baan,JBAInternationalandIntentia.Historically,strongmanufacturingindustryisanunderlyingreasonforsomanyERPvendorsinEurope.ThereareseveralreasonsforEurope’sERPmarket.First,economicallyadvancedcountrieshaveasolidindustrialandmanufacturingbase.Second,thereisastrongnationalinformationinfrastructure.Third,themultiple-languageandmulti-currencyrequirementsmaketheERPsoftwareattractive.Fourth,qualityemployeesareavailabletoimplementadvancedtechnologies.CharacteristicsofERPimplementationindevelopedcountriesItiseasytounderstandwhyNorthAmericaandEuropeoccupythelargestERPmarket.Fromnationalandenvironmentalperspectives,thesecountrieshaveexcellentinfrastructureswhicheffectivelyfacilitateITdiffusion.Strongeconomicbaseandgrowthfurtherdrivetheneedfornewtechnology.GovernmentalITpolicy,deregulationandorganizationalenthusiasm ERPimplementationissuesinadvancedanddevelopingcountriesAbstractThereisanincreasingneedtoimplementatotalbusinesssolutionwhichsupportsmajorfunctionalitiesofabusiness.Enterpriseresourceplanning(ERP)softwareisdesignedtomeetthisneed,andhasbeenwidelyadoptedbyorganizationsindevelopedcountries.Meanwhile,ERPisbeginningtoappearinmanyorganizationsofdevelopingco