ernofthisindexcanhelptounderstandthedevelopmentofsheardeformationsandtofind"troublespots"(refertofurtherdiscussionspresentedintheSectionbelow).FURTHERDISCUSSIONSONHORIZONTALSHEARDEFORMATIONSFigureshowsthedistributionpatternofhorizontalmovementsperpendiculartoasurveylineacrossalongwallpanelandthecorrespondingShearIndexasdiscussedabove.AlthoughthesiteislocatedintheHunterCoalfieldwithshallotratedinFigure;.Statisticalinformationsuggestingastrongcorrelationbetweentheshear-affectedstructuresandstripfootings,whichhavelesscapacitytoresistoraccommodatehorizontalsheardeformationsascomparedwiththatforothertypesoffootingsconsideredinthisstudy.Theanalysesshowthatthetransversesheardeformationeffecthasasignificantinfluenceonthethickreinforcedconcreteslabsandtheconcentratedloadcondition;.Observedpatternsofmining-inducedsurfacefracturesanddeformations(inplanview)suggestinginfluenceofshear,forexample,i)en-echelonfracturesnearchainpillarswheresheardeformationswereactiveorii)occurrencesofsurfacewrinkleswheretheeffectsofhorizontalshearwereclearlyvisible.Importantly,horizontalsheardeformationsofgroundsurfaceasindicatedinDsurveydataobtainedfromanumberofcollieriesacrossallNSWCoalfields(tobefurtherdiscussed).However,rigorousdefinition,inaccordancewiththeprinciplesofcontinuummechanics(e.g.Jaeger,),ofhorizontalshearstrainsisnotpossibleusingDsurveydatafromastraightlineofsurveypoints.Itfollowsthatifwarrantedconsideringthesignificanceofthesurfacefeaturesandtheircapacitytoresistoraccommodatesheardeformations,thecurrentsurveyingpracticesmayneedtobechangedtoobtainproperlydefinedhorizontalshearstrains(orprincipalstrains).Toutilisethelargeamountofsubsidencedatainexistenceintheminingindustry,analternative(andapproximate)ShearIndexissuggestedinordertogainanunderstandingofthegeneralcharacteristicsofmining-inducedhorizontalsheardeformations.ThisShearIndexisderivedbasedonthecomponentofhorizontalmovementsperpendiculartoasurveylineoralineofinterest.Theformulaforderivingthisindexisthesameasthatfortheconventionallydefinedtilt.Physically,thisindexreflectsangularchangesinthehorizontalplanebutitisnotpossibletotellwhatcausessuchchanges,beingeithershearorrigidbodyrotationorboth.However,thedistributionpatternofthisindexcanhelptounderstandthedevelopmentofsheardeformationsandtofind"troublespots"(refertofurtherdiscussionspresentedintheSectionbelow).FURTHERDISCUSSIONSONHORIZONTALSHEARDEFORMATIONSFigureshowsthedistributionpatternofhorizontalmovementsperpendiculartoasurveylineacrossalongwallpanelandthecorrespondingShearIndexasdiscussedabove.AlthoughthesiteislocatedintheHunterCoalfieldwithshallo变形中一个重要组成部分。具体要关注抵抗剪切能力不足地表和在深厚覆盖层深度(或相对较低“提取width-to-cover深度”比率)地区,通常利用传统意义上水平变形进行预测,这些地区沉陷很小。.土木结构受沉降影响预计——进一步在()基础上,有必要认识到基于传统意义上水平应变和AS-(澳大利亚标准协会,年)沉降模型在预计沉陷对土木结构影响时局限性。因此,当需要使用该模型时,有必要确定模型在哪些地方需要进行改变和改进。.民用建筑受地面倾斜影响——进一步在()基础上,具体应重视位于倾斜地面上民用建筑。在这种情况下,由于“下沉—倾斜”运动参与,产生一个增强横向剪切变形变量。此外,在上述这种环境中,任意地基抵抗或适应剪切变形特征都需要研究和分析。.地表抵抗或适应剪切变形特性能力——这一领域知识尚未建立明确沉降工程和预计体系。这里情况,当与剪切变形有关时,再一次,不同于许多其他工程学科。因此,非常有必要进行这一领域研究。.受开采影响地表褶皱——受开采影响地表褶皱(图),或压缩隆起,是沉降对土木结构影响一个重要因素。这些可变形特性发生在利用传统模型低精度预测水平应变地区,这些地质构造经常被误认为是由于没有进行预测或高于预测横向剪切应变对土木结构影响而产生。然而,最近进行一系列现场测量研究,都没能提供一个清晰证据证明有关地质结构和这些区域地表上褶皱之间存在着这种联系,因此有必要进一步理解这些特性,进而开发有效早期预警和风险管理系统。横向剪切变形存在能对地质结构和传统意义上压卧式应变出现这些变形特性提供一个解释(图)。图受开采影响地表褶皱.线性基础设施沉陷危险管理系统项目——这项研究结果显示,在重要线性基础设施上需要建立足够危险管理系统进行预测,如公路、铁路、运河或管道,如果这些主要基于考虑参数预测或沿长度测量等传统沉降模型管理系统已经开发出来。我们就能够预测这些基础设施项目是否有足够能力来抵抗或适应水平移动或剪切变形。.实地测量——正如上面所讨论,获得剪切应变或主要应变精确定义,需要改进实地测量方法。我给建议是改变主要测量观测线或网布局。例如,可以通过使用一个适当定义距离,进行两个(或多个)并联观测线三维测量。图a剪切变形之前应变圆形图b剪切应变之后为应变椭圆(AfterRamsay,)由于AB轴缩短,地表可能出现褶皱总结本文通过对新南威尔士州煤田调查研究和实地测量,分析了横向剪切变形对土木结构影响。文中深入研究了横向剪切变形在沉陷工程和风险管理系统中应用。最后,作者提出了关于横向剪切变形领域一定研究方向和前景。致谢感谢新南威尔士州煤田沉陷管理科提供沉降与民用建筑实地测量数据和数据分析结果。这篇文章发表通过了新南威尔士州部门主要产业许可。本文表达观点仅代表作者自己观点。参考文献[]Holla,LandThompson,K,.Astudyofgroundmovementinthreeorthogonaldirectionsduetoshallowmulti-seamlongwallmining,TheAustralianCoalJournal,No.,pp-.[]Jaeger,JC,.Elasticity,FractureandFlowwithEngineeringandGeologicalApplications,pp(ChapmanandHallSciencePaperbacks).[]Mills,KW,.ObservationsofhorizontalsubsidencemovementatBaalBoneColliery,inProceedingsthTriennialConferenceonCoalMineSubsidenceCurrentPracticeandIssues,pp-.[]Peng,SS,.SurfaceSubsidenceEngineering,pp(SocietyforMining,Metallurgy,andExploration,Inc,Littleton,Colorado).[]Ramsay,JG,.Shearzonegeometry:areview.J.Struct.Geol.,Vol.,pp-[]StandardsAustralia,.ResidentialSlabsandFootings–Construction(AS-).tratedinFigure;.Statisticalinformationsuggestinastrongcorrelationbetweentheshear-affectedstructuresandstripfootings,whichhavelesscapacitytoresistoraccommodatehorizontalsheardeformationsascomparedwiththatforothertypesoffootingsconsideredinthisstudy.Theanalysesshowthatthetransversesheardeformationeffecthasasignificantinfluenceonthethickreinforcedconcreteslabsandtheconcentratedloadcondition;.Observe翻译部分英语原文ONMINING-INDUCEDHORIZONTALSHEARDEFORMATIONSOFTHEGROUNDSURFACEGangLi,RobertPquet,RayRamageandPhilSteuartABSTRACT:Horizontalsheardeformationshavenotbeencommonlyconsideredinsubsidenceengineeringandriskmanagementpractices.Thissituationisquitedifferentfrommanyotherengineeringdisciplines.Thisarticlepresentstheauthors’initialfindingsofcasestudiesfromanumberofcollieriesacrossallNSWCoalfields.Theobjectiveofthisarticleistohighlightthesignificanceofagrounddeformationmode,thatis,horizontalshear,anditsimplicationstosubsidenceengineeringandriskmanagement.AShearIndexissuggestedtofacilitatestudiesofmining-inducedsheardeformationsofthegroundsurface.INTRODUCTIONThisarticlepresentsanargumentthatconventionalsubsidenceparametersspecifyinghorizontaldeformations,inparticular,horizontalstrains(i.e.changeinlength),areinadequateforsubsidenceengineeringandriskmanagement.Theabove-mentionedinadequacycanbecomepracticallyimportantinareaswhereonlylowmagnitudeofconventionallydefinedhorizontalstrainsisdetectableduetodeepcoverdepths(orrelativelylow“extractionwidth-to-coverdepth”ratios).ThroughthepreliminaryinvestigationofanumberofcoalsinNSW,thestudyfoundthereisclearevidencetosuggestthattheabove-mentionedinadequacyisrelatedtoalackofunderstandingofmining-inducedhorizontaldeformationsofthegroundsurface,inparticular,horizontalsheardeformations.Despitetheoreticaldefinitionsfoundinlimitedliteratureonminesubsidence(e.g.),horizontalsheardeformationshavenotbeencommonlyconsideredinsubsidenceengineeringandriskmanagementpractices.Thissituationisquitedifferentfrommanyotherengineeringdisciplines.HORIZONTALSHEARDEFORMATIONSWhentwoadjacentcrosssectionsofastemhasapairofhorizontalforceperpendiculartostemaxisbutworksintheoppositedirectionofbreaking,anditproducesdeformationthattwosectionalongthelateralforcedirectionofrelativeruptureoccurred.Thedeformationcalledsheardeformation.Indicatorsofhorizontalsheardeformations,asidentifiedbythisstudy,comprise:.Observedsubsidenceeffectsoncivilstructuresindicatinginfluenceofsheardeformationsandsignificanceofthisdeformationmodeintermsofitsimpactsandfrequencyofoccurrences.ThesheareffectsataparticularsitearedemonstratedinFigure;.Statisticalinformationsuggestingastrongcorrelationbetweentheshear-affectedstructuresandstripfootings,whichhavelesscapacitytoresistoraccommodatehorizontalsheardeformationsascomparedwiththatforothertypesoffootingsconsideredinthisstudy.Theanalysesshowthatthetransversesheardeformationeffecthasasignificantinfluenceonthethickreinforcedconcreteslabsandtheconcentratedloadcondition;.Observedpatternsofmining-inducedsurfacefracturesanddeformations(inplanview)suggestinginfluenceofshear,forexample,i)en-echelonfracturesnearchainpillarswheresheardeformationswereactiveorii)occurrencesofsurfacewrinkleswheretheeffectsofhorizontalshearwereclearlyvisible.Importantly,horizontalsheardeformationsofgroundsurfaceasindicatedinDsurveydataobtainedfromanumberofcollieriesacrossallNSWCoalfields(tobefurtherdiscussed).However,rigorousdefinition,inaccordancewiththeprinciplesofcontinuummechanics(e.g.Jaeger,),ofhorizontalshearstrainsisnotpossibleusingDsurveydatafromastraightlineofsurveypoints.Itfollowsthatifwarrantedconsideringthesignificanceofthesurfacefeaturesandtheircapacitytoresistoraccommodatesheardeformations,thecurrentsurveyingpracticesmayneedtobechangedtoobtainproperlydefinedhorizontalshearstrains(orprincipalstrains).Toutilisethelargeamountofsubsidencedatainexistenceintheminingindustry,analternative(andapproximate)ShearIndexissuggestedinordertogainanunderstandingofthegeneralcharacteristicsofmining-inducedhorizontalsheardeformations.ThisShearIndexisderivedbasedonthecomponentofhorizontalmovementsperpendiculartoasurveylineoralineofinterest.Theformulaforde 翻译部分英语原文ONMINING-INDUCEDHORIZONTALSHEARDEFORMATIONSOFTHEGROUNDSURFACEGangLi1,RobertPâquet1,RayRamage1andPhilSteuart1ABSTRACT:Horizontalsheardeformationshavenotbeencommonlyconsideredinsubsidenceengineeringandriskmanagementpractices.Thissituationisquitedifferentfrommanyotherengineeringdisciplines.Thisarticlepresentstheauthors’initialfindingsofcase