stheyrelatetofiresafetysystems.Theliteraturesearchthatwasperformedforthisanalysisisreviewedandimportantfindingsanddatasummarized.Thedatafoundintheliteraturethatwereapplicabletosprinklerandsmokedetectionsystemsreliabilitywereanalyzed,withdescriptiveestimatesofthemeanvaluesandpercentconfidenceintervalsfortheoperationalreliabilityoftheseinsitusystemsreported.ELEMENTSOFRELIABILITYANALYSISThereisconsideoftheprobabilitythatafireprotectionsystemwilloperateasintendedwhenneeded.Performancereliabilityisameasureoftheadequacyofthefeaturetosuccessfullyperformitsintendedhnctionunderspecificfireexposureconditions.Theformerisameasureofcomponentorsystemoperabilitywhilethelatterisameasureoftheadequacyofthesystemdesign.Thescopeofthisstudywaslimitedtoevaluationofoperationalreliabilitydueprimarilytotheformofthereporteddataintheliterature.Inadditiontothisdistinctionbetweenoperationalandperformancereliability,thescopefocusedonunconditionalestimatesofreliabilityandfailureestimatesintermsoffail-dangerousoutcomes.Adiscussionofthesetermsisprovidedlaterinthepaper.ScopThispaperprovidesareviewofreportedoperationalreliabilityandperformanceestimatesfor()firedetection,()automaticsuppression,andtoalimitedextent()constructioncompartmentation.Ingeneral,thereportedestimatesforfiredetectionarelargelyforsmokedetectiodfirealarmsystems；automaticsprinklerscomprisemostofthedataforautomaticsuppression,andcompartmentationincludescompartmentfireresistanceandenclosureintegrity.--Itshouldbenotedthatinsomecasestheliteraturedidnotdelineatebeyondthegeneralcategoriesof“firedetection”or“automaticsuppression,”requiringassumptionsregardingthespecifictypeoffireprotectionsystem.Severalstudiesreportedestimatesofreliabilityforbothfiredetectionandautomaticsprinklersystemstrategies.However,verylittleinformationwasfounddetailingreliabilityestimatesforpassivefireprotectionstrategiessuchascompartmentation.Alimitedstatisticalbasedanalysiswasperformedtoprovidegeneralizedinformationontherangesofsuchestimatesandrelateduncertainties.Thislattereffortwaslimitedtoevaluationofreporteddataondetectionandsuppression.Insufficientdatawereidentifiedoncompartmentationreliabilitytobeincluded.Thispaperaddresseselementsofreliabilityastheyrelatetofiresafetysystems.Theliteraturesearchthatwasperformedforthisanalysisisreviewedandimportantfindingsanddatasummarized.Thedatafoundintheliteraturethatwereapplicabletosprinklerandsmokedetectionsystemsreliabilitywereanalyzed,withdescriptiveestimatesofthemeanvaluesandpercentconfidenceintervalsfortheoperationalreliabilityoftheseinsitusystemsreported.ELEMENTSOFRELIABILITYANALYSISThereisconsid可靠性估计超过，如果不考虑商业建筑，喷淋系统可靠性可达到以上。然而，判断这种特殊喷淋系统与那些评估中提到系统是否相似是十分重要。商业建筑可靠性范围在至，而一般建筑为至。火灾探测系统分析关于火灾探测系统可靠性估计数据是全面。这份数据跨越了十年，并且每年都做可靠性评估报告（反映在表），它为了各种不同用途房屋而完成。这里分析根据房屋用途把它们分为几个建筑等级。每种用途房屋得出数据后，然后计算每种房屋可靠性估计。图显示了所有烟雾探测器关于全部住宅类型可靠性估计。--图：烟雾探测器对各种住宅类型可靠性估计如直方图中所示，数据有一个双态分布。因此，为了进一步研究两个平均值完全不同数据库，进行了一个方差（变异数）分析。变异数检测了可靠性估计平均值和对一个给定建筑类型可靠性影响。图形代表性变异数以最小二乘法形式在图中体现。变异数影响最终结果。如图所示，三种住宅分类分别有不同关于烟雾探测起平均可靠性估计。图中包含直方图分别描述了每种住宅类型可靠性估计。图：烟雾探测系统对各种住宅类型可靠性分析时变异数影响这些住宅类型分别在平均可靠性估计和置信区间估计内进行单独分析。结果列于表，每种类型结果明显不同。各种住宅类型置信区间与自喷系统可靠性估计时置信区间不重叠。这就可能使有更多数据用于烟雾探测器分析，列于表中各个住宅类型烟雾探测器可靠性估计完全不同，判断非相关数据差异原因超出了这个分析范围。--分析中所用到数据是在研究中描述为典型系统，在公开文献中关于喷淋系统和烟雾探测器可靠性最好数据。典型数据是一种重要依据，它用来判断某种类型信息是否达到这种类型统计学分析。分析结果应该被用来做出推论，但必须在研究相关资料和测验它们对分析系统中使用特殊安全计划适应性以后。然而，总体接近代表着在解决不同消防系统类别可靠性时更高标准，包括注意报告数据中不确定性和偏差。图：烟雾探测器对各种住宅类型可靠性分析分配概要和结论一份详细文献摘要和运行可靠性分析被用来关注几个消防计划运行可靠性，消防计划包括：火灾探测、自动喷水和防火分区。在这项研究中，运行可靠性被定义为消防系统在需要时运行可靠性估计。这些出版物标准不直接在评估中叙述不确定性或偏差。关于防火分区，在表中运行可靠性概述是它唯一信息。在试图解决评估中不确定性过程中，几个火灾实际细节研究，烟雾探测器和自动喷水系统运行性能被重新分析，并且报告数据被提取为一个更加条理评价。没有发现--防火分区相关数据，这个评价包括利用常规统计方法来评价可靠性数据和运行可靠性平均估计，还有运行可靠性达到置信区间范围。表和表概括了这个分析结果。测试结果显示，使用单一标准来评估一个消防系统运行可靠性是不恰当。例如，在表中对喷淋系统运行可靠性评估，在商业建筑中范围从至，同时平均估计为，人口数量太少（单值）为计算平均价值和住宅或公共建筑置信区间限制，但综合楼计算平均可靠性估计为，同时置信区间为至，平均价值应用到可靠性上，基于这个认识即价值代表置信区间平均范围，它是比较合理与用来任意衍生价值相比。另外，整个置信区间使用和不是最可能平均值相比，当比较系统时有更加明显详实信息，因为所有相似系统可靠性评估包括比较。这是当拿一个系统同其他许多系统相比较时一个公认统计方法。烟雾探测器在表中运行可靠性值有一个与置信区间相关联更为紧凑范围。这可能是数据库大小和质量以及通过HALL[]来保持结果最初说明一致性所导致直接后果。基于表中所体现结果，烟雾探测器平均值为，对商业建筑为.（下界.，上界为.），对住宅为.（下界.，上界为.），对公共建筑为.（下界.，上界为.）。烟雾探测器可靠性变异结果进一步表明可靠性估计由为数据分析住宅类型决定（见图），烟雾探测器最高可靠性与公共建筑有关。这可能是许多公共建筑需要更多维护和日常系统需求保证直接后果。这一分析方法能很容易应用到其他消防系统运行可靠性评估。但是，应当指出文献中数据可靠性是一个重要因素。值得注意是数据在内容和形式上巨大变化，在学习报告和研究时这是努力一部分。这项研究提供了一个十分广泛初步尝试去描述消防系统运行可靠性。调查报告需要大量数据来改变数据库。这种努力重心在取得更加具体数据，系统广泛人口能为消防系统运行可靠性巨大改善提供基础，从而引起设计工程师兴趣，另外这项技术对工程师基于高速发展设计理念性能分析也是必要。eoftheprobabilitythatafireprotectionsystemwilloperateasintendedwhenneeded.Performancereliabilityisameasureoftheadequacyofthefeaturetosuccessfullyperformitsintendedhnctionunderspecificfireexposureconditions.Theformerisameasureofcomponentorsystemoperabilitywhilethelatterisameasureoftheadequacyofthesystemdesign.Thescopeofthisstudywaslimitedtoevaluationofoperationalreliabilitydueprimarilytotheformofth本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：EstimatesoftheOperationalReliabilityofFireProtectionSystems文献、资料来源：网络文献、资料发表（出版）日期：.院（部）：市政与环境工程学院专业：给水排水工程班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：.--外文文献：EstimatesoftheOperationalReliabilityofFireProtectionSystemsForthepastthreeyears，theNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST)hasbeenworkingtodevelopanewencryptionstandardtokeepgovernmentinformationsecure．Theorganizationisinthefinalstagesofanopenprocessofselectingoneormorealgorithms，ordata-scramblingformulas，forthenewAdvancedEncryptionStandard(AES)andplanstomakeadecisionbylatesummerorearlyfall．Thestandardisslatedtogointoeffectnextyear．RichardW.Bukowski,P.E.SeniorEngineerMSTBuildingandFireResearchLaboratoryGaithersburg,MD-USAEdwardK.Budnick,P.E.,andChristopherF.SchemeVicePresidentChemicalEngineerHughesAssociates,IncHughesAssociates,Inc.Baltimore,MD-USABaltimore,MD-USAINTRODUCTIONBackgroundFireprotectionstrategiesaredesignedandinstalledtoperformspecificfunctions.Forexample,afiresprinklersystemisexpectedtocontrolorextinguishfires:Toaccomplishthis,thesystemsprinklersmustopen,andtherequiredamountofwatertoachievecontrolorextinguishmentmustbedeliveredtothefirelocation.Afiredetectionsystemisintendedtoprovidesufficientearlywarningofafiretopermitoccupantnotificationandescape,fireservicenotification,andinsomecasesactivationofotherfireprotectionfeatures(e.g.,specialextinguishingsystems,smokemanagementsystems).Bothsystemactivation(detection)andnotification(alarm)mustoccur--toachieveearlywarning.Constructioncompartmentationisgenerallydesignedtolimittheextentoffirespreadaswellastomaintainthebuilding’sstructuralintegrityaswellastenabilityalongescaperoutesforsomespecifiedperiodoftime.Inordertoaccomplishthis,theconstructionfeaturesmustbefire“rated”(basedonstandardtests)andtheintegrityofthefeaturesmaintained.Thereliabilityofindividualfireprotectionstrategiessuchasdetection,automaticsuppression,andconstructioncompartmentationisimportantinputtodetailedengineeringanalysesassociatedwithperformancebaseddesign.Inthecontextofsafetysystems,thereareseveralelementsofreliability,includingbothoperationalandperfornzancereliability.Operationalreliabilityprovidesameasureoftheprobabilitythatafireprotectionsystemwilloperateasintendedwhenneeded.Performancereliabilityisameasureoftheadequacyofthefeaturetosuccessfullyperformitsintendedhnctionunderspecificfireexposureconditions.Theformerisameasureofcomponentorsystemoperabilitywhilethelatterisameasureoftheadequacyofthesystemdesign.Thescopeofthisstudywaslimitedtoevaluationofoperationalreliabilitydueprimarilytotheformofthereporteddataintheliterature.Inadditiontothisdistinctionbetweenoperationalandperformancereliability,thescopefocusedonunconditionalestimatesofreliabilityandfailureestimatesintermsoffail-dangerousoutcomes.Adiscussionofthesetermsisprovidedlaterinthepaper.ScopThispaperprovidesareviewofreportedoperationalreliabilityandperformanceestimatesfor()firedetection,()automaticsuppression,andtoalimitedextent()constructioncompartmentation.Ingeneral,thereportedestimatesforfiredetectionarelargelyforsmokedetectiodfirealarmsystems；automaticsprinklerscomprisemostofthedataforautomaticsuppression,andcompartmentationincludescompartmentfireresistanceandenclosureintegrity.--Itshouldbenotedthatinsomecasestheliteraturedidnotdelineatebeyondthegeneralcategoriesof“firedetection”or“automaticsuppression,”requiringassumptionsregardingthespecifictypeoffireprotectionsystem.Severalstudiesreportedestimatesofreliabilityforbothfiredetectionandautomaticsprinklersystemstrategies.However,verylittleinformationwasfounddetailingreliabilityestimatesforpassivefireprotectionstrategiessuchascompartmentation.Alimitedstatisticalbasedanalysiswasperformedtoprovidegeneralizedinformationontheranges        0本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：EstimatesoftheOperationalReliabilityofFireProtectionSystems文献、资料来源：网络文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2008.6院（部）：市政与环境工程学院专业：给水排水工程班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：2008.6-1-外文文献：EstimatesoftheOperationalReliabilityofFireProtectionSystemsForthepastthreeyears，theNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST)hasbeenworkingtodevelopanewencryptionstandardtokeepgove

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