Contract,theemployerbearsalmostalltheContractrisk.InaRe-measurementContract,contractorsassumethepartoftheriskassociatedwiththeorganization,methodsandmeansoftheconstructionactivity/process.InanAllianceContract,contractorsassumenotonlytheriskassociatedwiththeRe-measurementContracts,butalsotherisksattachedtothefailureoftheproject’spre-setobjectivesandgoals.InaTurn-keyContract,the--contractorbearsalmoomandIntecsaofSpain.Similarly,theconstructioncontractsofthenewworksaretobeawardedinthreeseparatepackagestodifferentinternationalcontractingconsortiaasfollows:PackagetoTeeragAsdagofAustria,BareselofGermanyandLocherofSwitzerland;packagetotheSpanish/ItalianjointventurecomprisingDragadosandSeli;andpackage,excludingInjectionTunnelTI,totheAnglo-FrenchconsortiumofTaylorWoodrow,AmecandSpieBatignolles.TheconstructioncontractforInjectiontunnelTIwillbeplacedontheSwissmarketonly..TYPESOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTS:OneofthecriticalfactorsforthesuccessoftheprocurementandsubsequentmanagementoflargeconstructionprojectsistheContractstrategy,i.e.,thetypeofContracttoadopt.KnowingthatCERN’spastexperienceinthisfieldwasnotentirelysuccessfulandgivenCERN’scharacteristicsintermsoforganizationandworkprocedures,wewereabletoidentifyseveralpotentialweaknessesinCERNthatcouldundermineourpositionasEmployer(client).ItwasobviousthatthispotentialweaknessshouldberemovedfromtheContract.TheContractisadocumentthatdefinesthe‘ScopeofServices’andiscomposedbytwointerdependentparts:(i)theLegalandCommercialSection,entitledtheFormofContract,and(ii)theTechnicalSection.TheTechnicalSectioniswherethe‘ScopeofServices’orthe‘Product’isfullydescribedintermsoflayout,specifications,requirements,planningandrisks.IntheFormofContractarestatedtheContractmanagementrules,theroleandinterfacesofeachpartyandwhereisallocatedtheinherentContractrisk.SeveraltypesofContractsarecommonlyusedintheconstructionindustry:(i)Cost-plusContracts,whichcontractorsarereimbursedforthedirectconstructioncostsplusanagreedprofitpremium(usuallyapercentageofthedirectconstructioncosts);(ii)Re-measurementContracts,basedonaBillofQuantitiesandaseriesofunitrates;(iii)AllianceContracts,basedonperformanceandgoalsinordertomakethecontractoranactiveandinterestedpartyintheoverallsuccessoftheproject,and(iv)Turn-keyContractsinwhichthetotalcontractpriceisalumpsum.ThesedifferenttypesofContractsareassociatedwithdifferentcontractrisks.InaCost-plusContract,theemployerbearsalmostalltheContractrisk.InaRe-measurementContract,contractorsassumethepartoftheriskassociatedwiththeorganization,methodsandmeansoftheconstructionactivity/process.InanAllianceContract,contractorsassumenotonlytheriskassociatedwiththeRe-measurementContracts,butalsotherisksattachedtothefailureoftheproject’spre-setobjectivesandgoals.InaTurn-keyContract,the--contractorbearsalmo包商将会承担一些被附加上经常被作为争论焦点’无法预料基础情况’风险;(只对于分项工程有效;不包括分项工程和)(iii)承包商也将会负责清单准确性;(iv)CERN有权利随时终止合同;(v)过失责任时期将会从二年被延长到十年。由于CERN作为一个政府之间组织和它内在购买和管理规则,需要引进其他修正措施。这基本上渗透了FIDIC文件全部精神而且必须渗入其每个分项各个部分。FIDIC标准文件提供工程师“设计(工程顾问经理,为位置监督负责)”不只是教应对变化必要措施,同时也评估并且证明承包商发票,也就是委托雇主基金。由于这一个程序依靠CERN争执规则,因此在合同增长情况下大幅度地减少雇主权利是很有必要(见)。一方面,被引入到合同FIDIC形式修正将会减少CERN风险和责任。另一方面,事实可能会在以下方面更加暴露CERN:(i)几乎没有(不)没有合法先例判断潜在要求这种类型合同形式。(ii)CERN将会有可能被认为’滥用优势地位’,因此那会渐渐破坏整个合同精神。此外,提供竞标程序(被包含在竞标之中合同形式文件)被视为“追随者”,也就是,承包商没有讨论合同条款权利。或者要它或者留下它。这强调其“占优势地位”特性。.各项工程在合同中地位:对工程合同三个要素:承包商,工程师和雇主。简而言之,每一要素作用和他们接口依下列各项:承包商负责适当照顾和努力,运行并且完成项目和补救方法以及点出其中弱点何在。他将提供所有指挥、劳工、物资,设备和全部其他--要素所指定必需物品和从合同中被推论出合理其他物品。承包商将对工程所有位置操作和方法适当、安定和安全负责。承包商将严格地履新合同中对工程师各项要求。他将严格地遵守工程师指导,除了那些合同中雇主所明确说明部分。在合同期间,承包商将不能与其他承包商或其他CERN小组有任何接触。(对CE例外)工程师将负责厉行和适当行使合同而且将藉由适当照顾与努力实行:(i)工程监督;(ii)测试和工程佣金;(iii)工程周期、最后帐户,和(iv)争论决议.(首先引以为例)工程师也将负责对承包商所有沟通,除由雇主提供协议中明确提出地方。在合同期间,工程师与其他CERN小组将没有任何接触。(土木工程小组例外)雇主(土木工程小组)将在工程师表现和合同正确管理方面负责。他将负责组织基金,也就是说,他将对承包商发票和议题变化款项证明负责。雇主也将对所有其他CERN小组之间接口限制和最后管理、小组和工程师以及承包商负责。.初步费用-利益分析:考虑到变化以及在合同签字之前到现在为止竞标文件改善,我们用分项工程,、和承包商有了广泛讨论和谈判。在现阶段,承包商已经通过信息「他们考虑」表明他们害怕因合同不平衡性和CERN所占优势可能会影响整个工程顺利进行。尤其是他们对工程师作用削弱表达了理解,他们在最初FIDIC模型中是一个独立、公平和合理专业人士。由于工程尚未开始,下结论还为时过早。这份合同起草费用,只考虑对我们专业顾问支付费用(也就是,不包括时间花费以及CERN职员旅行开支)是大约,CHF.(大约.顾问费用和大约.工程合同评价)从CERN效益成本可以说明:对于KCHF,CERN模式对承包商分派风险比率在重新测量合同比传统风险更大。然而,主要议题是对于FIDIC标准文件介绍修正起草合同费用是否低于我们所宣称要避免预计花销。这是我们永远也不会发现。因为在这一个阶段上,我们扮演是’魔鬼律师’。可能也有人认为如果FIDIC标准文件很好地适用于世界银行,那么它也应该适合于CERN目标。最后,一个另外有关议题是合同像在中所陈述那样由一些相互关联文件所形成,比如图画,规格、计划,转折点和处罚,质量费用,安全计划和可适用安全立法等等,这意味着任何弱点或上方之一方面主要改变将会提供给订约人一个我们从标准合同中试图避免可能谈判位置。.结论:我们试图从总体上为工程合同尤其是LHC提供一张全面图景。应当被指出是在风险性、适用性和合同弹性方面做出评论只被视为一般性指标。很显然,这不仅大大依赖于每个分项工程特定、个别方面上,而且也依赖于合同项目态--度、定位和程序上。我们也必须强调CERN需要LHC设备才能成功地完成。我们不仅已经详细地说明从传统风险中一部份释放合同,而且我们也将会从一个简单、有希望、快速争论决议机制中选出能胜任人执行合同管理。尽管被发表在中评论与合同弹性有关,必须提到是针对投标/合同任何修正在量、规格,接口以及与其他承包商和现有设备以及危险接口将会有一种直接费用冲击。请注意在工程期间避免问题唯一方法,因此也称为工业金规则:提供给承包商所有数据,详尽叙述每件事物,而且不要改变任何东西。参考:土木工程工程、FIDIC,洛桑作品合同>@情况.()出价>@标准证明,作品、世界银行采购,华盛顿特区.()omandIntecsaofSpain.Similarly,theconstructioncontractsofthenewworksaretobeawardedinthreeseparatepackagestodifferentinternationalcontractingconsortiaasfollows:PackagetoTeeragAsdagofAustria,BareselofGermanyandLocherofSwitzerland;packagetotheSpanish/ItalianjointventurecomprisingDragadosandSeli;andpackage,excludingInjectionTunnelTI,totheAnglo-FrenchconsortiumofTaylorWoodrow,AmecandSpieBatignolles.Thec毕业设计外文资料翻译题目LHC土建著作中CERN在大型工程项目中作用学院土木建筑学院专业土木工程班级土木学生学号指导教师二〇一〇年三月二十九日--THEROLEOFCERNINTHELARGECONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTSFORLHCCIVILWORKSPedrod’AaCastel-BrancoSTDivision–CivilEngineeringGroup(ST/CE)CERN,Geneva,SwitzerlandAbstract:ThecontractsforthecivilengineeringconstructionoftheLHCarebaseduponthestandardFIDIC(FdrationInternationaledesIngnieursConseils)documententitled"ConditionsofContractforWorksofCivilEngineeringConstruction".FIDICisareputablesupra-nationalandworldwideFederationofConsultingEngineersfocusedonthedefinitionandregulationoftheroleofmanypartiesinvolvedwiththeInternationalConstructionIndustry.AnoverviewofFIDIC’sandotherOrganizations’,suchastheWorldBank,standarddocumentsispresented.ThedifferencebetweenstandardContractdocumentsandstandardBiddingdocumentsispointedout.InviewofCERN’sstatusasanintergovernmentalOrganization,theoriginalFIDICstandarddocumentsneededtobeadapted.Themodificationsareidentifiedandexplained.AconcisedefinitionoftheroleofeachpartyconcernedbytheLHCconstructionContracts,i.e.theContractor,theEngineerandtheClient(CERN),ismade.Finally,abriefcost-benefitanalysisonthisparticularlycontractdraftingexerciseispresentedalongwithsomepreliminaryconclusionsandanoutlineofforeseendifficultieswiththeContractmanagement..INTRODUCTION:ThecivilengineeringworksfortheLHCProjectaredividedintothreemainpackages,plusoneadditionalpackagefortheinjectiontunnelTI.PackageconsistsofallnewundergroundandsurfacestructurestobeconstructedonSwissterritoryatPoint.Identically,PackageconsistsofallnewundergroundandsurfacestructurestobeconstructedonFrenchterritoryatPoint.Unlikepackagesand,packageisgeographicallyspreadaroundtheLEPandSPSringsandconsistsofallundergroundandsurfacestructurestobeconstructedthatarenotlocatedateitherPointor.Thedesignandconstructionsupervisionofthenewworkswasawardedinthreeseparatepackages,eachonetoadifferentmultinationaljointventureofengineeringcompanies.Forthedesignandconstructionsupervisionpurposes,InjectionTunnelTIisanintegralpartofpackage.PackageiscurrentlybeingdesignedbyajointventurebetweenElectricitdeFranceandKnightPisoldoftheUnitedKingdom.PackagewasawardedtoajointventureofGibb(UnitedKingdom),SGI(Switzerland)andGeoconsult(Austria),and--packagetoajointventureofBrown&RootoftheUnitedKingdomandIntecsaofSpain.Similarly,theconstructioncontractsofthenewworksaretobeawardedinthreeseparatepackagestodifferentinternationalcontractingconsortiaasfollows:PackagetoTeeragAsdagofAustria,BareselofGermanyandLocherofSwitzerland;packagetotheSpanish/ItalianjointventurecomprisingDragadosandSeli;andpackage,excludingInjectionTunnelTI,totheAnglo-FrenchconsortiumofTaylorWoodrow,AmecandSpieBatignolles.TheconstructioncontractforInjectiontunnelTIwillbeplacedontheSwissmarketonly..TYPESOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTS:OneofthecriticalfactorsforthesuccessoftheprocurementandsubsequentmanagementoflargeconstructionprojectsistheContractstrategy,i.e.,thetypeofContracttoadopt.KnowingthatCERN’spastexperienceinthisfieldwasnotentirelysuccessfulandgivenCERN’scharacteristicsintermsoforganizationandworkprocedures,wewereabletoidentifyseveralpotentialweaknessesinCERNthatcouldundermineourpositionasEmployer(client).ItwasobviousthatthispotentialweaknessshouldberemovedfromtheContract.TheContractisadocumentthatdefinesthe‘ScopeofServices’andiscomposedbytwointerdependentparts:(i)theLegalandCommercialSection,entitledtheFormofContract,and(ii)theTechnicalSection.TheTechnicalSectioniswherethe‘ScopeofServices’orthe‘Product’isfullydescribedintermsoflayout,specifications,requirements,planningandrisks.IntheFormofContractarestatedtheContractmanagementrules,theroleandinterfacesofeachpartyandwhereisallocatedtheinherentContractrisk.SeveraltypesofContractsarecommonlyusedintheconstructionindustry:(i)Cost-plusContracts,whichcontractorsarereimbursedforthedirectconstructioncostsplusanagreedprofitpremium(usuallyapercentageofthedirectconstructioncosts);(ii 毕业设计外文资料翻译题目LHC土建著作中的CERN在大型工程项目中的作用学院土木建筑学院专业土木工程班级土木0601学生学号指导教师二〇一〇年三月二十九日-2-THEROLEOFCERNINTHELARGECONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTSFORLHCCIVILWORKSPedrod’AçaCastel-BrancoSTDivision–CivilEngineeringGroup(ST/CE)CERN,Geneva,SwitzerlandAbstract:ThecontractsforthecivilengineeringconstructionoftheLHCarebaseduponthestandardFIDIC(FédérationInternatio